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Introduction to Hand Engraving
Hand
Engraving can be described as the process in which a hardened, shaped, and
sharpened piece of steel, called a 'Graver', is pushed through the metal's
surface. This is done with one of three methods: by hand pressure (push
graver), with a small lightweight hammer and chisel (graver), or with a
pneumatic air-driven hammer. Pneumatic AirGravers emulate both the hammer
and chisel and the push-graver technique. The graver is ground to a
pointed shape adhering to very specific angles. These angles allow the
graver to properly enter the metal surface and travel forward,
continuously curling the metal directly in front of the graver face, while
leaving behind a small furrow.
 The
shape of the graver and the angle at which it is held will ultimately
decide the furrow shape. The angle can and will often be continuously
altered during the process, allowing for the furrow to contain thick and
thin graduations of the cut line. If a square-shaped graver is used so
that one if its corners enters the metal, it will produce a "V"-shaped
furrow. Many graver shapes are available, each leading to a particular
style of engraving, and each producing a different result. Usually, the
two favored shapes are the "V" and the flat gravers. Personal preference
plays a significant role in choosing the tool used.
When using
the hammer and chisel method, both hands are required; one to hold the
graver, and the other to deliver light hammer impacts against the graver,
driving it forward through the material being cut.
With the push
graver method, the graver is generally fitted to a small wooden handle
held in the palm. The graver remains stationary, and the item being
engraved is held firmly and fed into the graver's tip, or rotated into it
when a circular or curved line is desired. When making a straight line,
the graver is pushed forward using only hand pressure. Each of these
methods requires a rotating vise, or a similar holding device, to hold the
item being engraved.
 The
pneumatic
graver uses air to drive a small self-contained piston within a graver
hand piece. This piston impacts against the engraving tool in the same
fashion as in the previously described hammer and chisel method. As with
the Push Graver method, one hand is free to hold and rotate the item being
engraved.
In order to
create quality detailed engravings, the engraver is required to accurately
execute many cuts or lines in the metal that vary in length, width, and
depth. In principle, the results achieved are similar to those produced by
an artist when sketching with pen or pencil on paper. Spectacular
ornamental engravings are possible when the graver is controlled by
someone who is well versed in the art of engraving.
Use of
advanced methods, such as 'Bulino' and 'Bank note' techniques, allow the
highly skilled artist, the potential to produce exquisite, lifelike
renderings in metal.
 'Bulino'
(pronounced - 'bo-lee-no') - refers to a Pointillism or Dot Technique. It
is derived from the Italian term meaning "a small hand held graver". Today
the term is used loosely to represent the method of creating thousands of
small dots or lines in the metal. This enables the control of light and
dark contrasts.
'Bank note
style' is a highly organized and systematic method of creating thousands
of individual lines, varying in length, in order to form beautifully
detailed renderings or ornamental designs. It is generally seen on pages
of older texts such as, family Bibles and similar period works of
literature printed from engraved plates. The closest and most common
representation of this technique in the present may be seen on paper
currency.
An artist's
ability to visualize where and how each cut should be placed determines
the final outcome of the project. When an engraving artist possesses a
talent for visualization, as well as theoretical and technical knowledge,
he or she will be able to invest the engraving with richness, character,
and even emotion.
 Tool
geometry and the manner in which the
graver is shaped, particularly the face and heel angles, will also
determine the quality of an engraving. The ability to perfectly grind and
shape the graver must be mastered, otherwise clean, accurate, burr-free
cutting will not occur, and the results will be unsatisfactory. Badly
raised burrs tend to produce visually jagged or distorted lines, resulting
in a rough, unrefined final product, rather than the smooth, clean results
professionals can produce. If the engraver applies too much downward force
while cutting, or the graver heel is too long or too short, burrs will be
raised - especially when executing curved lines. A long heel will create
drag, and a short heel will dig too deeply into the metal. Either way, the
metal will be forced upwards, generating a burr along the length of the
cut.
 It
can take years to fully master the technical portion of hand engraving,
and to become proficient in design and in the historical study of
engraving motifs. Only then can one begin to develop a unique and personal
artistic style. However, some students of this art may possess a natural
talent, which allows them to master the process more rapidly.
Mastering the
Art of Engraving requires expertise in several areas. These can be divided
into two categories: art and craft. Engravers engaging only in craft need
not possess drawing and design skills to produce excellent engravings,
providing that designs are supplied beforehand by either an artist or by
replication of available ornamental patterns. Many copyright-free (public
domain) ornamental designs are available to help the craftsman in this
area. The first and foremost ability a craftsman need possess, then, is
the ability to precisely control the graver, with an understanding of the
technical skills required in order to achieve the desired results.
However, in
the case of engraver as an artist, he or she must have an intense desire
to create beautiful original designs, which depends upon a background in
other arts, together with artistic drawing talents. The art of engraving
itself can be a fulfilling medium for an artist to express his art, and
can become a life-long study.
The basic
method of hand engraving has not changed for centuries. However, with the
advent of modern tools, today's engravers are given advantages that
previous engravers did not have at their disposal. Computer technology
allows the use of photo editing or vector-based drawing programs, thus
facilitating the design process. Using computers and printing
technologies, an artist can now successfully and accurately lay out a
design from the computer onto the item being engraved. Modern pneumatic
gravers are available in the same size as the graver of old, allowing ease
of control of the graver cut.
 Artistic Design Concept
Before beginning the engraving process, the engraver must visualize a
design concept, and view the item to be engraved for its shape, its period
styling, its value, materials, and contours. There are many things to
consider. If the engraving is for a customer, certain boundaries or
limitations may arise to suit the customer's price and taste.
Preparing to Draw the Design
The item being engraved must be accurately outlined. This can be achieved
using a variety of methods. The simplest method is the smoke print. This
method involves using the smoke from a kerosene lamp, candle, or
equivalent to cover the surface with carbon smoke "inking". The item is
held high over the flame so as not to heat its surface. This is important
when the item contains non-heat resistant materials. Another outlining
method is to use printer’s ink over the area. Once the surface has been
blackened by smoke or printer's ink, clear tape is delicately placed over
the area. When the tape is removed, the smoke or ink remains on the tape,
creating the exact shape of the item. An accurate outline is next traced
to be used as the design boundary lines. Another method is to use frosted
tape laid over the surface, then trace the item's shape with a pencil.
This method is less messy, but will take a little longer. In either case,
a clearly drawn outline is the base for the beginning of the drawing
process.
Creating the Final Design
Assuming a design concept has been determined, the next step is to make
rough sketches. Sketching continues until the artist has achieved the
theme's desired flow. Refinements are slowly introduced, while maintaining
the initial feel of the art work. Imagination, creativity and familiarity
with engraving styles are important factors. The more time spent creating
a design to achieve exactly what is envisioned, the better the final
product will be. This also holds true for the quality of the drawing; the
better its quality, the better the reproduction will be when reduced to
scale for image transfer (layout of the design onto the metal).
Designs may
also be drawn directly on the item, thereby bypassing many steps. This is
possible when a familiar style of engraving is used that has been drawn
and cut many times by the artist, or if the engraving is of a less complex
design. It is usually best to plan the design on paper, allowing the
revisions of drawings at any time prior to the actual engraving process.
There are many methods for transferring the design or layout onto the
surface that is to be engraved. One is to scratch the design on to plastic
mylar which is used to make an ink or smoke print transfer. Another method
is drawing with soft lead pencil on mylar, and pulling the lead up with
tape, eventually transferring the lead from the tape. A third method is
photographic transfer, and a fourth is done with a laser or inkjet
computer printer.
 The Technical Aspects of Engraving
When the design has been transferred onto the metal, the engraving process
may begin. The most commonly used graver point is the square "V" cut
graver, which works well for a variety of engraving styles.
Several
details must be considered prior to the actual cutting of the pattern. If
the engraving is to be relieved, backgrounds will need to be removed,
leaving the decorative pattern as a raised or relieved engraving. A
precious metal inlay may be part of the design. Gold, platinum, or silver
- wire or sheet would be cut and hammered carefully into the desired
areas. Both relief and inlay engraving share a common initial step: a
design is cut by following or tracing the transferred design’s outlines
with the graver. In the case of gold inlay, it must be determined which
area of the design will have gold. In those portions of the design, the
material will be cut out accurately by graver or dental air drill to a
predetermined depth, based on the thickness of the precious metal to be
inlaid. This cutout is called a “pocket”. When the pocket has been cut and
leveled to proper depth, a small channel is cut along the base of the
inner wall, creating an undercut. This could be called a "dovetail", a
term familiar to woodworkers. In this case, the undercut is needed to hold
the gold securely in place. The gold, having been cut to fit this pocket,
will now be placed in the pocket. Its surface will be carefully hammered,
usually with a brass punch. The hammering may be accomplished using a
pneumatic AirGraver and brass punch, or with a traditional hammer and
punch method. In either case, the result is the same. During impact, the
gold undergoes expansion, spreading into the undercuts of the pocket,
which secures it firmly in place.
 If
the inlay is to remain raised above the metal surface, steps are taken in
order to calculate the position and shape of the pocket. This is done
prior to the inlay by making a smoke or ink print of the pocket for later
use. This is a vital step, and cannot be overlooked, since the procedure
of inlaying precious metal involves hammering. Hammering, in turn, causes
the gold's surface to become mushroomed and cover the pocket’s outline
area. It is difficult to accurately trim excess gold. If too much is
trimmed, the gold may lack in the image area, and if not enough is
trimmed, the inlay will not fit the pocket shape. This can result in the
appearance of a fatter image or inaccuracies where detail is needed.
Because an ink or smoke print was taken of the pocket prior to inlaying,
this print can be laid over the mushroomed gold to determine exactly where
the pocket is located.
The next
stage involves leveling of the inlay surface. This can be achieved by
filing, sanding and polishing to the predetermined height of the image
being inlaid. Once the inlay surface is leveled and scratch-free, the gold
can be detailed. Detailing may include line engraving, bulino, banknote
techniques, or sculpting. The process is somewhat easier if the gold inlay
is to be flush and level with the base metal surface, since there are no
difficulties with mushroomed gold and pocket position. The surface is
simply filed, sanded, and polished flush.
Relief
engraving is simpler by comparison to inlay work, and only requires the
removal of background around the design. This is accomplished by cutting
away the metal background and leaving the decorative motif design in the
foreground. The cutout background may be decoratively punched to create a
matted textured, or it may be lined to create interesting light reflection
effects. There are several methods in which the background may be
detailed. Some of them are punching, stippling, lining, and beading.
 Having
accomplished the above, detailing of the decorative motif will begin. This
step is labeled as shading. Shading is the process by which multiple,
tightly grouped fine lines or dots are applied in order to achieve
light-to-dark contrasts. This defining step can raise or lower the overall
quality of the engraving. Correctly produced, it will add life to the art.
If shading is not fully understood and expertly executed, however, the
engraver runs the risk of lowering the quality of his previous efforts.
Shading is the highlight of quality engraving, and is perhaps the most
difficult area for the beginning and intermediate level engraver to
develop proficiency. Collectors who recognize quality engraving examine
the shading and look for precision, continuity, and character in the
shaded areas.
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